What material is polyurethane? What are its features?

2026,01,10

Polyurethane is an organic polymer material with a urethane structure (-NHCOO -) in the main chain, generated by the polymerization reaction of isocyanate and polyol. Its properties can be flexibly adjusted from soft and elastic to hard, making it a "universal material" that combines the strength of plastic and the elasticity of rubber. The following elaborates on the core definition, structural characteristics, and specific advantages:

Core Definition and Structural Characteristics of Polyurethane

1. Basic definition: Polyurethane is not a single polymer but a general term for a class of high-molecular materials. Its molecular chain is characterized by carbamate esters. By adjusting the types and ratios of isocyanates and polyols, various forms of products such as soft foams, rigid foams, elastomers, coatings, and adhesives can be prepared.

2. Structural characteristics

Block structure: It is alternately connected by polyol soft segments that provide softness and elasticity and isocyanate hard segments that provide strength and hardness, forming a microphase separation structure, which determines its core performance of "combining rigidity and flexibility".

Strong designability: By adjusting the type of raw materials, reaction ratio, crosslinking degree, etc., key indicators such as hardness, density, elasticity, and heat resistance can be precisely controlled to meet diverse demands ranging from daily life to industry.

Core Advantages of Polyurethane

1.It stands out for its durability and environmental adaptability

It is oil-resistant, ozone-resistant, acid and alkali resistant, and resistant to damp heat aging. It has a long service life in complex environments such as outdoors and in chemical plants. Closed-cell polyurethane foam has a low water absorption rate and excellent heat insulation and preservation effect. Its thermal conductivity is much lower than that of traditional insulation materials, which helps to save energy and reduce consumption.

2. Strong bonding and laminating capabilities: It has excellent adhesion to various substrates such as metal, wood, plastic, and concrete, making it the preferred choice for high-performance adhesives and composite material substrates. It can enhance structural stability and overall performance.

3. Balanced mechanical properties: It combines high elasticity and high mechanical strength, with excellent elongation at break, tear resistance and impact resistance. It is also wear-resistant and fatigue-resistant, suitable for high-frequency stressed components, and is not prone to deformation or failure over long-term use.

Author:

Ms. Cherry

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